At the base of the
pyramid and in the widest arc of the rainbow, these
foods form the foundation of the
diet.
Grains provide energy, complex carbohydrates,fiber, iron,and B-vitamins. Whole grains are an important source of zinc and other minerals.
Vegetarians should choose whole grains often, but enriched refined grains can play a role in vegetar-ian diets and may be especially valuable for children.
Vegetables and fruits:
Vegetables have been grouped sep-arately from fruits to encourage
vegetarians to choose a va-riety of both types of
food rather than to focus on one or the other for most choices. A higher number of servings of veg-etables is specified because of the greater nutrient density and phytochemical content of vegetables compared with fruits.
Legumes, nuts, and other protein-rich foods:
This group includes
foods that are good sources of protein, B-vitamins, and many trace minerals. It includes all legumes, including soy products such as soy milk and tofu, as well as nuts, seeds, nut and seed butters, eggs, and meat analogs. In a departure from most existing
food guides, we have placed
dairy foods in this group as well. This groups dairy products with other
foods that offer similar amounts of protein per serving. It makes dairy an available but optional choice for vegetarians, while ensuring that protein needs will be met whether or not
dairy foods are included in the diet. Categorizing
dairy foods with other protein sources also meets the goal of emphasiz-ing the availability of calcium from all of the
food groups. Most of the
foods in this group provide iron, which is well absorbed when a source of vitamin C is consumed with the meal.
Dairy foods are the exception here, and those vegetarians who consume frequent servings of
dairy foods should be advised to ensure that they are including adequate sources of iron in their meals.
Fats:
Vegetarians and others who do not eat fish require small amounts of plant sources of n-3 fats. In addition, re-search suggests that moderate intake of certain healthful plant fats may reduce risk for cardiovascular disease, may improve nutrient intake, and may even aid in weight control. Ideally, most of the fat in
vegetarian diets should come from fat-rich whole plant foods such as nuts, seeds, and avocado. To ensure an optimal fat intake and to support a practical approach to meal planning, we have specified a minimum of two servings of fats per day. Figure 1 indicates that nuts or seeds may be used in place of these fats and also directs vegetarians toward choosing the most healthful fats.
Calcium-rich foods:
Adults should choose a minimum of eight servings of calcium-rich
foods daily. Each serving also counts toward choices from one of the other food groups in the guide. For example, 1 cup of certain cooked leafy green vegetables counts as a serving from the calcium-rich
foods group and as 2 servings from the vegetable group. Placement of the calcium
food group adjacent to each of the other
food groups allows this concept to be presented in a clear visual way. It also emphasizes the fact that calcium needs are met by choosing a variety of
foods from across the
food groups.
Diets based on the minimum specified servings from each of the food groups provide approximately 1,400 to 1,500 calories per day, which may be an inadequate energy intake for many
vegetarians. Because the numbers of servings in the
food guide are minimum recommendations, consumers can meet higher energy needs by choosing more servings from any of the
food groups. Regardless of energy needs, most
food choices should come from these groups, with only moderate servings of sweets and alcohol at most.